What are the two major categories of COPD?

The two major categories of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) are emphysema and chronic bronchitis. This classification is based on the distinct pathophysiological features and clinical manifestations associated with each condition.

Emphysema is characterized by the destruction of the alveoli, leading to loss of elastic recoil in the lungs and impaired gas exchange. Patients typically present with symptoms such as dyspnea and decreased exercise tolerance. The damage to the lung structure primarily results from long-term exposure to irritants, like cigarette smoke.

Chronic bronchitis, on the other hand, is marked by chronic inflammation of the airways, producing excessive mucus and leading to productive cough. The inflammation results in narrowing of the airways, causing airflow limitation. Patients may experience frequent respiratory infections and persistent cough alongside sputum production.

Differentiating between these two types of COPD is crucial for appropriate management and treatment approaches, therefore emphasizing their significance in the overall understanding of the disease. The presence of both conditions can also occur in some patients, but they represent distinct disease processes within the broader category of COPD.